These subgroups may also be defined by the legal status of their activities. 2006) a cracker or cracking is to "gain unauthorized access to a computer in order to commit another crime such as destroying information contained in that system". In contrast to Raymond, they usually reserve the term cracker for more malicious activity. Instead of a hacker/cracker dichotomy, they give more emphasis to a spectrum of different categories, such as white hat, grey hat, black hat and script kiddie. Yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as one wider hacker culture, a view harshly rejected by Raymond himself. Raymond (author of The New Hacker's Dictionary) advocates that members of the computer underground should be called crackers. Several subgroups of the computer underground with different attitudes use different terms to demarcate themselves from each other, or try to exclude some specific group with which they do not agree.
Many people from the phreaking community are also active in the hacking community even today, and vice versa. TAP was a phone phreaking newsletter that taught the techniques necessary for the unauthorized exploration of the phone network. Some white hat hackers claim that they also deserve the title hacker, and that only black hats should be called crackers.įurther information: Timeline of computer security hacker historyīruce Sterling traces part of the roots of the computer underground to the Yippies, a 1960s counterculture movement which published the Technological Assistance Program (TAP) newsletter. In this controversy, the term hacker is reclaimed by computer programmers who argue that someone breaking into computers is better called a cracker, not making a difference between computer criminals (black hats) and computer security experts (white hats). They are subject to the long standing hacker definition controversy about the true meaning of the term hacker. While other uses of the word hacker exist that are not related to computer security, such as referring to someone with an advanced understanding of computers and computer networks, they are rarely used in mainstream context. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground and is now a known community. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, or challenge. In the computer security context, a hacker is someone who seeks and exploits weaknesses in a computer system or computer network.
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